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What is the current standard of care for urothelial carcinoma in dogs, including mitoxantrone and COX inhibitors?What oncology decision-support tools are most practical for a primary care vet managing cancer cases?What radiation and systemic treatment options should I discuss with owners of dogs with nasal carcinoma?How does anal sac adenocarcinoma typically present and what is the standard surgical and adjuvant approach?Which chemotherapy protocol is most effective for alimentary versus mediastinal lymphoma in cats?What palliative and systemic treatment options exist for dogs with osteosarcoma when amputation is declined?What is the median survival time for dogs with splenic hemangiosarcoma after splenectomy with and without chemotherapy?How do Patnaik and Kiupel grading systems guide treatment decisions for canine mast cell tumors?What are the best alternatives to CHOP for canine lymphoma in clients who decline standard multi-agent protocols?What is the standard CHOP chemotherapy protocol and response rate for dogs with multicentric lymphoma?How do I diagnose and manage insulin dysregulation in a horse with equine metabolic syndrome?What is the recommended diagnostic workup for differentiating PDH from adrenal-dependent hyperadrenocorticism in dogs?How do I manage a dog or cat presenting in diabetic ketoacidosis, including fluid and insulin protocols?How should I dose and monitor pergolide in horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction?What clinical and diagnostic features differentiate hypersomatotropism from other causes of insulin resistance in cats?What is the evidence supporting bexagliflozin as an SGLT2 inhibitor for managing feline diabetes?Which insulin formulations are preferred for canine diabetes and how should I adjust dosing based on curves?How do I select an insulin type and titrate the dose for a newly diagnosed diabetic cat?How do I monitor a dog on trilostane for hyperadrenocorticism and what are the dose adjustment criteria?What distinguishes pituitary-dependent Cushing's from adrenal-dependent disease in dogs clinically?What TSH and T4 thresholds should guide diagnosis and levothyroxine dosing in hypothyroid dogs?How do I choose between methimazole, radioiodine, and thyroidectomy for a hyperthyroid cat?What is the current methimazole dosing and titration protocol for hyperthyroid cats?How do I grade a cardiac murmur in a dog and what workup is warranted at each grade?What are the species- and breed-specific reference intervals for vertebral heart scale?What diagnostic criteria confirm pulmonary hypertension in dogs and when is treatment indicated?At what age and frequency should Cavalier King Charles Spaniels be screened for mitral valve disease?What is the step-by-step emergency stabilization protocol for a dog in acute CHF?How should I triage and stabilize a cat presenting in acute cardiac decompensation?What is the current evidence for using dapagliflozin or other SGLT2 inhibitors in dogs with cardiac disease?